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Net::HTTP - Universal Base Scraper with Multi-Page Scraping Support and Cloudflare Bypass

Scraper overview

Scraper overviewNet::HTTPNet::HTTP – is a universal scraper that allows solving most non-standard tasks. It can be used as a basis for scraping arbitrary content from any websites. It allows downloading page code by link, supports multi-page scraping (pagination traversal), automatic proxy management, and allows validating a successful response by code or page content.

Scraper use cases

Collected data

Collected data
  • Content
  • Server response code
  • Server response description
  • Server response headers
  • Proxies used during the request
  • Array with all collected pages (used when the Use Pages option is active)

Capabilities

  • Multi-page scraping (pagination traversal)
  • Automatic proxy management
  • Success response validation by code or page content
  • Supports gzip/deflate/brotli compression
  • Detection and conversion of website encodings to UTF-8
  • CloudFlare protection bypass
  • Engine selection (HTTP or Chrome)
  • The option Check content – executes the specified regular expression on the received page. If the expression did not trigger, the page will be reloaded with another proxy.
  • Use Pages option – allows iterating through a specified number of pages with a defined step. The $pagenum variable contains the current page number during iteration.
  • The option Check next page – requires specifying a regular expression that will extract the link to the next page (usually the "Next" button), if it exists. Traversal between pages is carried out within the specified limit (0 - no limits).
  • Page as new query option – transitions to the next page occur in a new request. This allows removing the limit on the number of pages to traverse.

Use cases

  • Downloading content
  • Downloading images
  • Checking server response code
  • Checking for HTTPS presence
  • Checking for redirects
  • Listing redirect URLs
  • Getting page size
  • Collecting meta tags
  • Extracting data from page source code and/or headers

Queries

As queries, you must specify links to pages, for example:

http://lenta.ru/
http://a-parser.com/pages/reviews/

Output results examples

A-Parser supports flexible result formatting thanks to the built-in template engine Template Toolkit, which allows it to output results in arbitrary form, as well as in structured form, for example CSV or JSON

Content output

Result format:

$data

Result example:

<!DOCTYPE html><html id="XenForo" lang="ru-RU" dir="LTR" class="Public NoJs uix_javascriptNeedsInit LoggedOut Sidebar  Responsive pageIsLtr   hasTabLinks  hasSearch   is-sidebarOpen hasRightSidebar is-setWidth navStyle_0 pageStyle_0 hasFlexbox" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<base href="https://a-parser.com/" />
<title>A-Parser - scraper for SEO professionals</title>
<noscript><style>.JsOnly, .jsOnly { display: none !important; }</style></noscript>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css.php?css=xenforo,form,public,parser_icons&amp;style=9&amp;dir=LTR&amp;d=1612857138" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css.php?css=facebook,google,login_bar,moderator_bar,nat_public_css,node_category,node_forum,node_list,notices,panel_scroller,resource_list_mini,sidebar_share_page,thread_list_simple,twitter,uix_extendedFooter&amp;style=9&amp;dir=LTR&amp;d=1612857138" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css.php?css=uix,uix_style&amp;style=9&amp;dir=LTR&amp;d=1612857138" />

Server response code

Result format:

$code

Result example:

200
note

Result format [% response.Redirects.0.Status || code %] allows outputting status 301, if redirects are present in the query.

Getting query data

The $response variable helps to obtain data about the request and server response

Result format:

$response.json\n

Result example:

{
"Time": 3.414,
"connection": "keep-alive",
"Decode": "Decode from utf-8(meta charset)",
"cache-control": "max-age=3600,public",
"last-modified": "Tue, 18 May 2021 12:42:56 GMT",
"transfer-encoding": "chunked",
"date": "Thu, 27 May 2021 14:18:42 GMT",
"Status": 200,
"content-encoding": "gzip",
"Body-Length-Decoded": 1507378,
"Reason": "OK",
"Proxy": "http://51.255.55.144:25302",
"content-type": "text/html",
"Redirects": [],
"server": "nginx",
"Request-Raw": "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\r\nAccept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nHost: a-parser.com\r\nUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)\r\n\r\n",
"URI": "https://a-parser.com/",
"HTTPVersion": "1.1",
"Body-Length": 299312,
"Decode-Mode": "auto-html",
"etag": "W/\"60a3b650-170032\"",
"Decode-Time": 0.003,
"IP": "remote",
"expires": "Thu, 27 May 2021 15:18:42 GMT"
}

Getting redirects

Query:

https://google.it

Result format:

$response.Redirects.0.URI -> $response.URI

Result example:

https://google.it/  -> https://www.google.it/

JSON with redirects

Result format:

$response.Redirects.json

Result example:

[{"x-powered-by":"PleskLin","connection":"keep-alive","URI":"http://a-parser.com/","location":"https://a-parser.com/","date":"Thu, 18 Feb 2021 09:16:36 GMT","HTTPVersion":"1.1","Status":301,"content-length":"162","Reason":"Moved Permanently","Proxy":"socks5://51.255.55.144:29683","content-type":"text/html","IP":"remote","server":"nginx","Request-Raw":"GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\r\nAccept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nHost: a-parser.com\r\nUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)\r\n\r\n"}]

Outputting server response status

Result format:

$reason

Result example:

OK

Server response time

Result format:

$response.Time

Result example:

1.457

Getting page size

As an example, the size is presented in three different variants.

Result format:

[% "data-length: " _ data.length _ "\n";
"Body-Length: " _ response.${'Body-Length'} _ "\n";
"Body-Length-Decoded: " _ response.${'Body-Length-Decoded'} _ "\n" %]

Result example:

data-length: 70257
Body-Length: 23167
Body-Length-Decoded: 75868

Results processing

A-Parser allows processing results directly during scraping; in this section, we have provided the most popular cases for the Net::HTTP scraper

Outputting H1-H6 headers

Add regex (option Use regex) <(h\d+)[^>]+>(.+?)<\/h\d+>, in the "Apply to" field select $pages.$i.data - Page content, in the field opposite the regex select modifiers sg. An array will be automatically selected as the result type. In the "Name" field specify headers, then in "$1 to" specify tag, click on

plus opposite and in the appeared new field "$2 to" specify content. In the general result format, write the output $p1.headers.format('$tag - $content\n').

Download example

How to import an example into A-Parser

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Collecting meta tags

Add regex (option Use regex) (<meta[^>]+>), in the "Apply to" field select $pages.$i.data - Page content, in the field opposite the regex select modifier g. An array will be automatically selected as the result type. In the "Name" field specify meta, in "$1 to" specify item. In the Result Format use $p1.meta.format('$item\n').

Download example

How to import an example into A-Parser

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Pagination traversal options

Using Use pages

Use pages. This function allows traversing pagination by specifying a predetermined number of pages. For example, let's take one of the categories on the product catalog website https://www.proball.ru/catalog/myachi/. At the top and bottom, we see a pagination panel. When clicking on icons with page numbers, you can see in the browser bar how the parameter with the page number is passed at the end of the request:

https://www.proball.ru/catalog/myachi/?PAGEN_1=1

Use pages - this is a kind of counter that actually substitutes numbers into the variable $pagenum in order, increasing them by the value we specify

Using Use pages

As seen in the screenshot, the variable $pagenum. The function Use pages will iterate through and substitute all values into the query; effectively, we will be getting links for the request

https://www.proball.ru/catalog/myachi/?PAGEN_1=$pagenum

where instead of the variable $pagenum the page number will be substituted, starting from 1 up to 4 with a step of 1. Thus, a traversal through the pages of the required range is achieved. This is the limitation of this method - you need to know in advance the number of pages that exist in the pagination. Obviously, when scraping several categories simultaneously, the number of pages will be different everywhere, and as a workaround, we can simply specify a larger number of expected pages. But this is not entirely correct, so there is a more optimal solution, which will be discussed next

Download example
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Using Check next page

Check next page - is another function that allows organizing pagination traversal. The peculiarity of its use is that to transition to the next page, you need to use a regular expression that will return a link to the next page. This is a more convenient and most frequently used method. But applying it for https://www.proball.ru/catalog/myachi/ will not work, as there are no links to next pages in the code. Links there are generated by a script. Therefore, let's take the website as an example http://www.imdb.com/search/name?gender=female. There is pagination both at the beginning and at the end of the list. After looking at and analyzing the source code, you can see the presence of a link that allows transitioning to the next page:

img

  • in the Next page RegEx field, we will write a regular expression
  • in the field Limit we will specify the number of pages to traverse
Using Check next page

The example specifies 4. By specifying a limit, we define how many pages the scraper should traverse. In our case, 5 pages will be traversed, as counting starts from 0. If you specify a limit of 0, then the scraper will work until it traverses all pages regardless of their number. This is very convenient to use when you need to scrape all results from all pages

Download example
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As mentioned above, it is possible to dynamically limit the number of pages in Use pages. To do this, you need to jointly use Use pages and Check next page. Let's supplement the example that was considered when describing Use pages and add the function Check next page:

Using Check next page (2)

These two functions work in pair as follows: Use pages provides page traversal, and Check next page checks if the next one exists. As soon as Check next page does not find the next page, scraping of this category will be stopped without waiting for the traversal of the entire quantity specified in Use pages. By combining these functions, we add efficiency to the scraper's operation, saving time and resources

Download example
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Using substitution macros

Substitution macros allow implementing sequential substitution of values from a specified range

Using substitution macros

This preset will work as follows. By specifying a template in the query format:

$query?PAGEN_1={num:1:10}

we add substitution of values from 1 to 10 (any range can be specified) into the query itself. Thus, we get queries that provide traversal through the required number of pages, of the form:

https://www.proball.ru/catalog/myachi/?PAGEN_1=1
https://www.proball.ru/catalog/myachi/?PAGEN_1=2
...
https://www.proball.ru/catalog/myachi/?PAGEN_1=10

Using substitution macros for pagination traversal is similar to the function Use pages and has the same limitations, that is, you need to specify a specific range of values. The advantage of this method can be considered that through substitution macros you can substitute different values, both numerical and text, for example, words or expressions. Thus, we can more flexibly insert necessary parts into queries or form the queries themselves from parts that will be located in different files, if the task requires it

Download example
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Using Page as query

To reduce memory consumption, the logic can be defined using the option Page as query. When activated, the Check next page and Use pages functions will substitute each next page into queries as a separate independent query, thereby not accumulating their content in memory. Page as query also allows defining whether to increase the query level Increase (similar to the operation of the tool tools.query.add), or not Keep

Using Page as query
Download example
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Possible settings

Parameter nameDefault valueDescription
Good statusAllSelection of which server response will be considered successful. If the scraping results in a different response from the server, the request will be repeated with another proxy
Good code RegExAbility to specify a regular expression to check the response code
Ban Proxy Code RegExAbility to ban proxies temporarily (Proxy ban time) based on the server response code
MethodGETRequest method
POST bodyContent to send to the server when using the POST method. Supports variables $query – request URL, $query.orig – original query, and $pagenum - page number when using the Use Pages option.
CookiesAbility to specify cookies for the request.
User agent_User-agent of the current Chrome version is automatically substituted_User-Agent header when requesting pages
Additional headersAbility to specify custom request headers with template engine support and using variables from the Query Builder
Read only headersRead only headers. In some cases, this allows saving traffic if there is no need to process the content
Detect charset on contentRecognize encoding based on page content
Emulate browser headersEmulate browser headers
Max redirects count7Maximum number of redirects the scraper will follow
Follow common redirectsAllows performing redirects http <-> https and www.domain <-> domain within one domain bypassing the Max redirects count limit
Max cookies count16Maximum number of cookies to save
EngineHTTP (Fast, JavaScript Disabled)Allows choosing the HTTP engine (faster, no JavaScript) or Chrome (slower, JavaScript enabled)
Chrome HeadlessIf the option is enabled, the browser will not be displayed
Chrome DevToolsAllows using Chromium debugging tools
Chrome Log Proxy connectionsIf the option is enabled, information on chrome connections will be output to the log
Chrome Wait Untilnetworkidle2Defines when the page is considered loaded. More about values.
Use HTTP/2 transportDefines whether to use HTTP/2 instead of HTTP/1.1. Some sites ban immediately if HTTP/1.1 is used, while others, conversely, do not work via HTTP/2.
Try use HTTP/1.1 for Protocol errorInstructs the scraper to repeat the request with HTTP/1.1 if HTTP/2 was enabled and a protocol error was received (i.e., if the site does not work via HTTP/2)
Don't verify TLS certsDisable TLS certificate validation
Randomize TLS FingerprintThis option allows bypassing site bans by TLS fingerprint
Bypass CloudFlare with ChromeAutomatic CloudFlare check bypass
Bypass CloudFlare with Chrome Max Pages20Max number of pages when bypassing CF via Chrome
Bypass CloudFlare with Chrome HeadlessIf the option is enabled, the browser will not be displayed during CF bypass via Chrome